Masters in Psychology ~ 2.5

A.Exquisite
May 14, 2024
16 min read

Updated: Aug 7, 2024

x AALiYah

Developmental Psychology

week 5 objectives:

Human Life Span Development
Conception to Death
Adulthood

discussions on job satisfaction and career development.

assignment for my journey through adulthood.

class objectives included developmental changes through stages and transitions.

excerpt on my additions to the discussion:

"Discuss job satisfaction and career development in middle adulthood, paying special attention to gender differences and experiences of ethnic minorities. How does job satisfaction tend to differ between early and middle adulthood?

Job Satisfaction and Career Development

· Job satisfaction

o Includes feeling fulfilled and satisfied about the chosen position

o Exists because the opposite exists which majority of people experience being job dissatisfaction

o Enjoyment comes from choosing something that fits your personality, goals, and lifestyle levels – this can offer you security, confidence, room for growth, etc.

o Dissatisfaction comes from just needs something to make ends meet, temporary, availability, a stop along the journey to your rightful place, too many demands, too little demands, goes against your natural skills, is not conducive to lifestyle level or no room for growth, etc.

· Career development

o Includes setting goals, developing and following the path of stepping stones to achieve this milestone

o Mapping out and completing education, certification, licensures, etc.

o On-boarding and on-site training at the desired position

· Gender differences

o Men tend to have more job satisfaction than women

o Men tend to have higher pay at the same job than women

o Men tend to work harder and longer than women outside of the home

o Gender roles play a huge part (traditional)

o Abilities based on gender roles

§ men have physically stronger build to handle physical tasks

§ women naturally carry babies and tend to be more suitable for motherly tasks

§ men naturally provide and protect tending to be more suitable for fatherly tasks

· Ethnic minorities

o “Although single-earner married families make up a sizeable minority of families, the proportion of two-earner couples has increased considerably. As more U.S. women took jobs outside the home, the division of responsibility for work and family changed in three ways: (1) men began taking more responsibility for maintaining the home; (2) women began taking more responsibility for breadwinning; (3) men began to show greater interest in their families and parenting.” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 973).

Early vs. Middle Adulthood

· Emerging and Early Adulthood is spent choosing a field and working towards is by means of matriculation and/or corporate ladder

o “In college, this often means choosing a major or specialization that is designed to lead to work in a particular field. By their early and mid-twenties, many individuals have completed their education or training and entered a full-time occupation. From the mid-twenties through the remainder of early adulthood, individuals often seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field, working hard to move up the career ladder and improve their financial standing.” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 966).

o “Damon argues that too many individuals have not found a path to purpose in their career development. He concludes that too often individuals focus on short-term goals and don’t explore the big, long-term picture of what they want to do with their lives.” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 977).

o “In sum, early maturation often has more favorable outcomes in adolescence for boys, especially in early adolescence. However, late maturation may be more favorable for boys, especially in terms of identity and career development. Research increasingly has found that early-maturing girls are vulnerable to a number of problems.” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 791).

· Middle Adulthood is spent continuing to climb or reaching a settling point where years of experience has accumulated.

o This is also a time where career changes happen

o “Cognitive ability is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults (Fisher & others, 2017; Lovden, Backman, & Lindenberger, 2017). And older workers have lower rates of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction than their younger counterparts (Warr, 2004). Thus, the older worker can be of considerable value to a company, above and beyond the older worker’s cognitive competence. Changes in federal law now allow individuals over the age of 65 to continue working (Shore & Goldberg, 2005).” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 1238).

o ‘Today’s middle-aged workers face challenges such as the globalization of work, rapid developments in information technologies, downsizing of organizations, pressure to take early retirement, and concerns about pensions and health care. Midlife job or career changes can be self-motivated or forced on individuals.” (SANTROCK, 2020., pg 1098).

Reference:

SANTROCK, . (2020). EBook online access for life-span development (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education (US).

AaliYah Response 1

Hi! This post purposefully describes studies on job satisfaction and career development. It also highlights the differences between men and women in these careers, aging, and changing jobs. Reading it almost sounded like what dating has come to for many: majority of people not settling down and committing to one relationship but instead keeping their options open - mostly due to disinterest in marriage as the emerging adulthood and early adulthood age range expands, but specifically and relative to this post - most serial daters are only good for the "honeymoon" stage. This being the newness, leaving another situation, being nice and pleasant, is only an act that can be done during this time. Interviewing, on-boarding, and training is a time for putting your best face forward - a person's, "representative," is shown and not their full true self. The newness and excitement of receiving notification of hiring and being around new people allow people to stay in this easy, "hey how are you? fine, how are you?" routine. In comparison to dating, it is easy to talk about the possibility of a lasting friendship-relationship, answer dating interview questions, and have fun going places with this new person. The representative is putting their best face on, and not yet showing their true self. This act can be kept up for the beginning couple of years creating the illusion of thinking this romantic position has been filled and also thinking the time to get to know this person has passed as you considered yourself to have known them for a couple of 12-month cycles : although maybe only having truly seen them a number of times and not 7+ hours of most days. Do you think the moving from job to job resulting in increased feelings of satisfaction could be due to the, "honeymoon" stage alone? Can it be, "job satisfaction," if one does not commit to it and stay at it? Does new job incentives promote these temporary feelings? If job satisfaction were truly experienced, why did they leave the satisfied position?

AaliYah Response 2

Hi! This post successfully breaks-down the study of job satisfaction and tenure. Pointing out that results differed depending on the components of age individual and age of position. Using both age and number of years at an organization what can we conclude about satisfaction? Is satisfaction fleeting and should be labeled something else?

Another interesting element of description prompt questions while reading the paragraph regarding minorities: Why do groups of higher number of members in population are regarded as minor? Why is color the title label for two groups while the other are titled by location? Can research truly be done to the ability to be credible sourced and/or a unit of analysis or study if there are errors in what they are attempting to describe? What can we learn of gender differences if there are inaccuracies in grouping, and are these women and men of the same group or across the diversity of groups?"

excerpt on from my assignment:

"Magazine Profile: Journey Through Adulthood

My Journey

This time around has been like a rollercoaster of back and forth between being frozen and hit with nonstop adversity. It may not appear that way if you were to look at all I’ve managed to still do. They lie when they say imitation is a form of flattery, and with little to no uniqueness in the world, I can assure all that they do not want to be me. Journey is defined as, “an act of traveling from one place to another; a long and often difficult process of personal change and development.” (New Oxford Dictionary, 2023). Lyrical Journey, unbeknownst to me at its conception, is that this collection of lyric poetry would soon join my extensive catalog. River of No Return and Sullivan’s Travels O, Brother Where Art Thou? Are examples of movies about long journeys back home. Back to where I belong. I’ve wanted for some time to sit and watch these movies being produced to really get deep to see what these characters, what these stories were really about. Anastasia the journey back to her royal place. Princess & The Frog Tiana’s journey to her palace. Cinderella III: A Twist In Time, she was sent out and had to journey back to reclaim her King and restore the timeline. My journey, like the mentioned above, has been filled with adventures of betrayal, backstabbing, kidnapping, abduction, manipulation, curses, magic, restoration, resurrection, remembrance, redemption, illusion, resilience, and exaltation. I would be separated from my real family and would long each long day to reunify with them.

Through

They say you must go through, to get to. I’ve gone through what many would consider as hell, and I’m on my way back to heaven. Through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood I worked constantly to provide for myself. In regard to the Kohlberg Levels, level 2 was my level 1. Although I’d learn later it’d be useful to ask even myself the question, “What’s in it for me?” I had early expectation for social roles and for myself. And, I would only abide by certain standards – those that were presented to me as legitimate and reasonable. I was deprived of much and hardworking, but I would not accept just any type of treatment. The only trouble I got into was for questioning things, which I did not think was a bad thing, I thought it was smart to try to further understand something. But it was often taken as backtalking or disrespect. In certain situation I would knowingly challenge authority because the rebel in me knew they were wrong, never in a disrespectful way, however assertiveness in a young person made people uncomfortable around me. This would then lead me into postconventional reasoning as my standard grew higher in moral development, finding that the standards I set for myself were higher and more balance than the standards set by others.

Through my displacement, I’ve been called many names and have been to many places. I knew things weren’t right, but this can be tricky for even a young mature mind. I was lied to and lied on to the utmost level. People wanted me to make uninformed decisions that I still made the best of. It is like the blasphemy of the “justice” symbol: the Judge is blindfolded and so the scales are not balance. But where my eyes were covered and my brain in constant attempt of being washed, my heart and Soul still conquered and led me in the right direction. They lied on me in attempts to assassinate me, my character, to confuse me, because they can’t take it that I truly am this lovely. Lied to me in attempts to change me because they don’t want me to rule and stand in my rightful position by Nature. Imposters posed as my family, but in truth took me away from my real family in hopes that I would not remember them. And, they did a terrible job at the attempt to replace them. We were nothing alike in spirit, or heart, or action, or ideas. It is obvious to me that they main focus was to appear alike physically, but that was a major fail as well.

Adulthood

Delayed is not denied. As I became an adult, I assured myself, I am in control. I spent a lot of my childhood being an adult and now that I’ve reached adulthood, I’ve spent several months looking into these supposed childhood movies. I’ve also explored many horror series such as Jason X, and Michael Myers, of which I can also relate. I started and managed multiple businesses on a global level, and contemplated a diasporic journey to Egypt. I couldn’t help but wonder why I would be doing this alone out of all the things I’ve done alone.

At this stage in development, I should have my husband and kids. Debunking the lies took time, but I separated myself from the fakes – reason why I’ve been completely independent purposely always having my own everything to never depend on anyone, because I had not come across anyone that I could trust. It was as if the entire world was against me. How such a great friend, great girl, good person in general would have no friends, no boyfriend, no one – the oddest thing ever. Although I separated myself, and to myself I did not accept them, I did not have all of the facts to verbally reject them. Now it made sense, I was stolen and misplaced. So as I made the U-turn to forge forward to our reunion, the imposters reappeared to lay false claim to me once again. I fought them off and I was happy to risk it all to do everything I could to get away from them and back to my love.

I have experienced many types of crises although I’m not sure if it can be labeled as a midlife crisis, maybe more like an all-life crisis. Most responses to these situations for women are typically tend-and-befriend, however all of mine were fight-or-flight. (SANTROCK 2020, pg 1134). I’ve not been affectionate at all this time around; in fact I’ve been very cold in terms of relationships. I’ve been open to them, and though I longed for my true love, I was very nonchalant about them – desiring them but would not be bothered whether they were going to develop or not. I was more focused on healing myself, finding myself, accomplishing my goals, and figured true love would meet me there. There is a general amount of pleasantness and positive energy that I put towards friendships and relationships, but only if someone showed me, they were serious could they even attempt to get to my heart. However, knowing my level of affection, I would more so verbalize my openness to wanting a relationship rather than showing them or actively pursuing one. So, when no one ever initiated or met me halfway on my verbal expression, I was fine with filing it over into the folder of temporaries and stayed focused on my goals. I didn’t want to completely diminish the smallest bit of a social life that I had, but I also was not going to keep verbalizing, open myself up any further, or make any assumptions. I can be very literal, and if no one ever told me that they liked me, wanted to be with me, and me only, then I held them to that. And when I decided that I saw enough of their true self past their representative, I would leave. Fight-or-flight is high on my responsive list. I am a fighter, and have learned there are multiple ways to fight, but I am proficient in leaving, and will never not leave – not caring how long the claim is to have known someone. I never truly invested emotionally, whether illusions were casted or not, what was in my heart was what was real. The same went for my professional life as I pursued my career goals. When one gig, or client, or case didn’t work out, I kept it moving – for, better is sure to come my way. If the consecutive and simultaneous events described do not qualify as midlife crisis, then I predict that I will not have one. Thank you for this opportunity and for reading through this experience - this concludes AaliYah’s Magazine Profile – Journey Through Adulthood.

Extra, Extra: Read All About Research

“Migrant travelers, so-called diaspora tourists, have become a fast-growing and essential niche segment in the tourism industry (Huang et al., 2018; Otoo et al., 2021; Tomczewska-Popowycz & Taras, 2022). These individuals often feel connected to their home country culturally and emotionally (Huang et al., 2013; 2018) and seek to maintain close contact with it (Marschall, 2017; Otoo et al., 2021).” (Proyrungroj,2024. Pg 1). They tend to compensate for these negative psychological states by making a homeland journey to search for and maintain a connection with their ancestral root, identity, and heritage (Dillette, 2020; Ferrari et al., 2022).” (Proyrungroj,2024. Pg 2) As culture shock is standard for people who relocate to a new place (Adler, 1975), this psychological tension is often found among international migrants or people in diasporic communities (Hack-Polay, 2012). Exist ing literature highlights various symptoms of culture shock faced by these diasporas, such as homesickness (Hack-Polay, 2012), feeling alienated (Lindencrona et al., 2008), and feeling ongoing sadness, stress, and anxiety (Schweitzer et al., 2006).

“The analysis of the interview data, on the one hand, confirms much of what the early literature on the impact of COVID 19 has outlined, but it also adds additional dimensions that are of particular relevance to diaspora populations or migrants more generally. For everyday lived citizenship and practices of belonging, material and immaterial dimensions are of key importance, and in both spheres, in the words of one participant, ‘the corona pandemic has affected every inch of our lives’ (virtual interview with ‘O’, 8 October 2020). These ‘inches’ can be separated broadly into mate rial well-being or economic survival; and social, cultural and psychological well-being.” (Müller, 2023. Pg 5) Coronation is defined as, “the ceremony of crowning a sovereign or a sovereign's consort:” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023). Diaspora is defined as, “the dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland; the dispersion of the Jewish people beyond Israel” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023). Dispersion meaning, “the action or process of distributing things or people over a wide area” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023).

“The meaning of Zion and Diaspora, or exile, as it was once called, has, of course, changed throughout the generations. In the biblical period Zion was the city of God and an ideal symbol of the future redemption of humanity from its iniquities. Diaspora was described in terms of exile, as distant from the house of God, and as a place to where the people of Israel were banished because of their sins. But it was in the Diaspora that the Jewish people deepened their understanding of their God as the God of all of humanity, and not just a particularistic deity of the tribes of Israel alone. The theological basis for this was, of course, already present in the depiction of the Israelite God as creator of the universe. The narrative concerning the special relationship between the creator and His people apparently originated together with the early development of the tribes of Israel in the Holy Land. Nonetheless, it was particularly important later to the people’s life in exile, because it was through this relation that Israel understood the meaning of its existence in the context of its relations with other peoples and civilizations, in the Diaspora and in the Land of Israel, throughout the generations.” (Turner, 2023. Pg 8)

“At the same time, diaspora activism is often a dangerous affair. Authoritarian regimes have long relied on ‘transnational repression’ to track and punish dissenters abroad through surveillance, harassment, and violence.” (Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 2018). “The Egyptian diaspora in the earlier text (Jeremiah) has been changed in the later text (Exodus 5), in spite of the literary influence from the former to the latter.” “Since the layer can be dated later than both Exodus 5 and 6, the layer may reflect a later, changed view on the Egyptian diaspora. Another shift in the positive direction, (4) the prophecy of the salvation of Egypt and the Egyptian Diaspora in Isaiah 19, will also be investigated with a focus on its dating. Such a positive attitude toward Egypt and Egyptian diaspora is rarely found in Hebrew Bible, which may reflect a new stage in the political relationship with Egypt.” (Jaeyoung, 2018. Pg 1-2) Exile is defined as, “the state of being barred from one's native country, typically for political or punitive reasons” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023). Persecution is defined as, “hostility and ill-treatment, especially on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation or political beliefs; persistent annoyance or harassment” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023). Exodus “the second book of the Bible, which recounts the departure of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, their journey across the Red Sea and through the wilderness led by Moses, and the giving of the Ten Commandments. The events have been variously dated by scholars between about 1580 and 1200 BC.” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023). Exodus “a mass departure of people, especially emigrants; (the Exodus) the departure of the Israelites from Egypt” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2023).

“Historical and cultural heritage serve as a bridge between a country’s past and its present and serve to define its identity. Egypt therefore takes all necessary steps to safeguard its historical treasures and antiquities by passing laws that contributes to achieving this objective.” “Utilizing contemporary technology has made it easier to sell illicit Egyptian artifacts.” (Michail,2022. Pg 1). “Egypt has always been identified by its exceptional historical publics assets, which are symbols of national pride. Egyptian priceless monuments, artifacts, antiquities, historical buildings are being coveted by looters; for centuries Egyptian archeological sites have been looted to feed the black-market trade in antiquities. Egypt exhorted to make all its efforts to protect its valuable heritage from looters, traffickers, acts of vandalism, and deterioration.“ (Michail, 2022. pg 5-6)

“Not long before the violent summer of 410 there was another incident at Elephantine, pitting Egyptians and Jews against each other. The cause of their clash was a precious stone. Jewish traders had acquired the piece expecting to make a good profit on its sale to a client in Memphis. As it turned out, the stone had been stolen from the Egyptian community on the island.” (Van Der Toorn, 2018 pg 1). “The unlawful taking of a person by force, fraud, or persuasion. Abduction is similar to kidnapping, except that no demand for ransom is involved.” (Davis, 2002). “Historically, the definition of kidnap and abduction has been heavily affected by similar ideas about personhood and property. Arguably, the Atlantic slave trade constituted a mass kidnap.” (Noor, 2014 pg 2)

“Governments do not tend to want to discuss the possibility of state‐sponsored kidnappings or, indeed, count them in their official crime figures. There are several ways in which states might be involved in what some would see as unlawful restraint, confinement or asportation of either their own citizens or nationals of other countries.” “Another category would include what McNeal and Field ([ 31] ) called extraterritorial abductions or kidnappings. This is where the agents of one state go to another, seize a victim and transport him to a location outside of the host country. This can either be openly sanctioned by the criminal justice system of the state whose agents conducted the kidnapping, or in secret.” (Noor, 2014 pg 3) “Crime and insurance are interlinked. Crime creates a demand for insurance and insurance can cre ate additional criminal opportunities through moral hazard. Demand for insurance depends on risk per ception. As one business insider explains: “Inquiries [for kidnap insurance] surge so predictably after well publicised crimes that I can almost plot it on a chart ...” (The Economist, 2006). This leads some commentators to suspect a “conspiracy” or “racket” between insurers and criminals (Clendenin, 2006; The Times, 2012.” (Shortland, 2018. Pg 3)

“…kidnappers psychologically controlled their victims with intimidation, acts of psychological torture, and even drugging of victims. [41] observed that kidnapping rituals were an extension of the practice of psychological manipulation.” “Region C demonstrated a theme of intense psychological manipulation using physical and psychological acts (see Figure 4). In this region, victims were subjected to mock executions…”(Phillips, 2011. pg 12)

Davis, M. (2002). The concise dictionary of crime and justice. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229300 Jaeyoung Jeon. (2018 ). Egyptian Gola in Prophetic and Pentateuchal Traditions: A Sociohistorical Perspective. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 18, 12–23. Michail, M. (2022). The Legal Protection of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Digital Transformation Era. Journal of Law & Emerging Technologies (JOLETS), 2(2), 13–52. https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v2i2.90 Müller, T. R. (2023). Transnational lived citizenship turns local: Covid‐19 and Eritrean and Ethiopian diaspora in Nairobi. Global Networks, 23(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12359 Moss, D. M., Michaelsen, M., & Kennedy, G. (2022). Going after the family: Transnational repression and the proxy punishment of Middle Eastern diasporas. Global Networks, 22(4), 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12372 New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Coronation. Apple Inc. New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Diaspora. Apple Inc. New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Dispersion. Apple Inc. New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Exile. Apple Inc. New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Persecution. Apple Inc. Noor, M. M. K. (2014). The Definitional Ambiguities of Kidnapping and Abduction, and its Categorisation: The Case for a More Inclusive Typology. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 53(1), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12028 Phillips, E. M. (2011). Pain, Suffering, and Humiliation: The Systemization of Violence in Kidnapping for Ransom. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(8), 845–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.626512 Proyrungroj, R. (2024). Strangers in Their Homeland: Reverse Culture Shock Experiences of First-Generation Diaspora Thai Tourists. Tourism (13327461), 72(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.72.1.6 SANTROCK, . (2020). EBook online access for life-span development (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education (US). Shortland, A. (2018). Governing criminal markets: The role of private insurers in kidnap for ransom. Governance, 31(2), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12290 Turner, Y. (2023). Zion, the Diaspora, and the Future of the Jewish People. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 41(2), 125–153. https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.2023.a911222 Van Der Toorn, K. (2018). Previously, at Elephantine. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 138(2), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.2.0255"