Masters in Psychology ~ 1.2

x AALiYah

History of Psychology excerpt: Ancient Egyptian

Introduction to Foundations, Psychology Graduate Studies

week2 continued from week1 objectives:

• Introduction to Psychology

• History of Psychology

• Timeline of Psychology

deeper discussions on early psychologists and defining career goals by SMART method.

the submission of the assignment on these early psychologists.

class objectives included identifying key historical figures and events that have shaped the field of psychology.

my original goals:

1. I want to know about legal psychology.

2. I want to see an example of a legal psychology case.

3. I want to see a successful family therapy case.

excerpt on my additions to the discussion:

• •               "Which key historical figures in psychology inspire you? Mamie Phipps Clark, Jane Addams, Joyce Brothers, Insoo Kim Berg, & Hathor/Isis. •               What is it about their schools of thought or philosophies that attracts you? Mamie Phipps Clark’s biography attracted me for her, “research on school children’s self-consciousness during the desegregation period.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney). Jane Addams’s philosophy attracted me her, “work on settlement houses - and for founding social work as a profession.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney). She had visited a settlement house on a trip, inspired, she found it, “highly impactful for the community,” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney). Joyce Brothers’ school of thought attracted me. She is, “notable for destigmatizing mental health by creating ‘pop psychology’.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).   Insoo Kim Berg’s search for solutions attracted me. Most things are designed to maintain or suppress, while solutions cure.   Hathor/Isis’ philosophy of healing and tenacious mindset, to me, is unmatched. Her schools of thought, the power of the mind and the power of love. •               Provide examples and evidence to explain your position.  Mamie Phipps Clark’s doll experiment would later be key component of Brown v. Board of Education court case. (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).   Jane Addams’s, “Hull House became a cultural centerpiece where those who needed help could find housing, food, arts, literature, and excellent conversation.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).   After earning her Masters degree and PhD in Psychology Joyce Brothers became the first female boxing commentator. “After winning the show, Brothers became a CBS boxing commentator. With her well-earned fame, many TV shows, magazines, and movies asked Brothers to speak on the topic of psychology. Brother’s expertise in psychology, ability to communicate clearly and effectively about mental health, and popularity led to a boost in awareness of the field of psychology.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).   Insoo Kim Berg: “She met her second husband, also a clinician, and together they founded the Brief Family Therapy Center. Berg ran the Brief Family Therapy Center as Executive Director and worked with clients. She and her husband developed the Solutions-Focused Brief Therapy modality, which Berg taught to clinicians all over the world. This therapy technique became a standard intervention for clients experiencing depression and anxiety.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).   “Osiris and Isis started from the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization, Osiris held the position of the ruler of Egypt next to his Wife Isis goddess of motherhood & healing. He was totally responsible for everything like the creation of law, religious instruction, culture and anything surrounding agriculture.” (Daily Times , 2020).  “Once Osiris's body had been reassembled--through her power of magic and through the power of her erotic love--Isis was able to revive Osiris..” (Daily Times , 2020).   References Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present. (n.d.). ZenCare Group, Inc. https://blog.zencare.co/famous-women-in-psychology/   God Of The Desert, Osiris, ISIS And The Origins of Egyptian Kingship. (2020, June 16). Daily Times [Lahore, Pakistan], NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A626726125/ITBC?u=uphoenix&sid=ebsco&xid=1ab2a5ba"

excerpt frm my assignment:

"Sxxxxxxxxx Axxxxxxxxx: Historical Figures and Philosophies in Psychology

For this axxxxxxxxx, I searched for psychologists whose schools of thought impacted the field of psychology. I found that there were single elements drawn from the work of most of the figures selected, that identifies them as key historical figures, rather than the individual. Thirteen PBS (1968), Paraphrasing ‘The Greatest,’ Muhammad Ali, I don’t agree with everything no man says, but that I like the truth a person tells, (15:08-15:34).

I do, however, agree with, am inspired by the originator, the Creator. I can only try my best to be my best self, and I agree with that. I intend to summarize impactful elements I like and explain why for each figure this pertains to.

Summary of Roles in the Development of Psychology & Assessed School of Thought and Psychological Philosophy

Mamie Phipps Clark is notable for her doll experiment on school-aged children during desegregation – this experiment, “would later be key component of Brown v. Board of Education court case.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney). Chosen not for desegregation for the so-called African Americans, but for the impact of the experiment. Her agenda is hers, but simply the impact of how a person view themselves based on how others feel about them, made for a matching answer to the question: Which key historical figures and events have shaped the field of psychology? Whether in support of it or not, desegregation marks a pivotal event in history’s timeline. The ramifications of this type of social issue, are causes of behavior and mental health issues.

Jane Addams’s philosophy answered the shaping of psychology question as well, “she visited a settlement house, which she found aspirational and highly impactful for the community. She decided to open her own settlement house in Chicago with friend Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Hull House became a cultural centerpiece where those who needed help could find housing, food, arts, literature, and excellent conversation.” “She was active in advocacy for women, the poor, and for social justice. Because of the social reforms happening in the United States at the time, Addams was at the forefront of making changes in the way that people lived in policy. She is the founder of social work as a profession.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).

According to this read on Joyce Brothers, thriftiness and boxing were the elements that prompted adding this psychologist’s name to this list. “She went on to earn her Master’s degree and PhD in Psychology from Columbia University. She and her husband, an internist, attempted to live in New York City on a $50 monthly paycheck. Because of the limitations of this budget, in 1955 Brothers interviewed to be a contestant on a popular TV quiz show called “$64000 Question.” While the producers attempted to portray her as a frail woman, Brothers won the show by learning as much as she could about the season’s topic, boxing. With her photographic memory, she became an expert at the sport and its rules. After winning the show, Brothers became a CBS boxing commentator. With her well-earned fame, many TV shows, magazines, and movies asked Brothers to speak on the topic of psychology. Brother’s expertise in psychology, ability to communicate clearly and effectively about mental health, and popularity led to a boost in awareness of the field of psychology.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney).

Insoo Kim Berg focused her philosophy on solutions.  “She and her husband developed the Solutions-Focused Brief Therapy modality, which Berg taught to clinicians all over the world. This therapy technique became a standard intervention for clients experiencing depression and anxiety.” (Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present, n.d., Karen Horney). Creating solutions, running businesses, and healing the world with your spouse are the elements chosen as I researched psychologists who played a role in the development of the psychology field. The impact of therapy that is solutions-focused and being able to do-so in a healthy marriage not only inspire cures but provide evidence to those who are faced with depression and anxiety, that they could be therapized, especially if family issues are the cause of the depression and anxiety. These schools of thought are evidently important to the history of psychology.

Hathor/Isis

Psychology defined as, “The study or consideration of the soul or spirit.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 1). “Magic therefore played a very important role in the healing process in ancient Egypt, as it does to people from many different cultures across the world, both ancient and modern. The World Health Organisation refers to health as a ‘state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being’ (Mondal and Das 2022). This statement therefore acknowledges the physical and mental aspects of wellness. In treating the individual back from a state of non-wellness, the whole person must be considered.” (Golding, W. 2023, 2.4.).

Myth defined as, “To show, reveal, demonstrate.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 1). Myth defined as, “To observe, notice.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 2). “The story of Osiris and Isis started from the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization, Osiris held the position of the ruler of Egypt next to his Wife Isis goddess of motherhood & healing. He was totally responsible for everything like the creation of law, religious instruction, culture and anything surrounding agriculture.” (Daily Times, 2020). Story defined as, “Historical writing or records; history as a branch of knowledge, or history as opposed to fiction. Also: the events recorded by historians.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 1.c.). Story defined as, “The series of past events connected with a particular person, country, institution, or thing, esp. when considered as a sequential narrative; the facts of the matter.” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 8).

Philosophy defined as, “the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline; a theory or attitude held by a person or organization that acts as a guiding principle for behavior.”  (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Figure defined as, “a person of a particular kind, especially one who is important or distinctive in some way (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Mother defined as, “an important female figure in the origin and early history of something; denoting an institution or organization from which more recently founded institutions of the same type derive; give birth to.”   (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023) Natural defined as, “existing or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind.”  (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Nature defined as, “the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations; the basic or inherent features of something, especially when seen as characteristic of it.”  (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023).

Tenacity and determination speak to the power of the mind as well as will power – a supreme skill. Hathor/Isis’s healing nature coupled with her tenacious ability of determination are magical tools stretching to realms where there is no magic, activates magic still. Tenacity defined as, “the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip; the quality or fact of being very determined; determination; the quality or fact of continuing to exist; persistence.”  (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Tenacious defined as, “tending to keep a firm hold of something; clinging or adhering closely; not readily relinquishing a position, principle, of course of action; persisting in existence; not easily dispelled.”  (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Determined define as, “having made a firm decision and being resolved not to change it.” New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023).Determination defined as, “firmness of purpose; resoluteness; the process of establishing something exactly by calculation or research; the controlling or deciding of something’s nature or outcome.” (New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294), 2023). Will defined as, “Expressing desire: to wish for, have a mind to, want (something); to desire (a person, gold, etc.). Sometimes also with the implication of intention or purpose.  (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023,  I.i.1.a). Healing defined as, “To make whole or sound in bodily condition; to free from disease or ailment, restore to health or soundness; to cure (of a disease or wound) (Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 1a.).

Jealous defined as, “Troubled by the belief, suspicion, or fear that the good which one desires to gain or keep for oneself has been or may be diverted to another; resentful towards another on account of known or suspected rivalry”(Oxford English Dictionary, 2023, 4.)

Envy defined as, “Aristotle (350 BC/1954) defined envy as the pain caused by the good fortune of others. In his definition Aristotle did not include a crucial component of envy: Kant (1780/1997) argued that a comparison of oneself to the superior person lies at the core of envy. Envy is thus not the pain that arises when others do well, but rather it is the pain that arises when others do better than oneself. Envy is upward looking; it contains a focus on both what the other person has and what one lacks oneself. This is also found in the most commonly used definition of envy in psychology (Parrott & Smith, 1993): “Envy arises when a person lacks another’s superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it” (p. 906).” (van de Ven & Zeelenberg, 2019, What Is Envy?).  “Counter-empathy refers to an emotional response that is valence-opposite from the emotional state of another individual. (Jie, 2023, p. 1). “Previous studies have shown that counter-empathy can increase aggressive behaviors, antisocial behaviors independent of empathy (Dryburgh & Vachon, 2019; Vachon & Lynam, 2016).” (Jie, 2023, p. 2).

References

Celebrating Women Leaders in Psychology: Past and Present. (n.d.). ZenCare Group, Inc. https://blog.zencare.co/famous-women-in-psychology/

God Of The Desert, Osiris, ISIS And The Origins of Egyptian Kingship. (2020, June 16). Daily Times [Lahore, Pakistan], NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A626726125/ITBC?u=uphoenix&sid=ebsco&xid=1ab2a5ba

Golding, W. (2023). The Brooklyn Papyrus Snakebite and Medicinal Treatments’ Magico-Religious Context. Religions, 14(10), NA. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A772199982/PPRP?u=uphoenix&sid=bookmark-PPRP&xid=68e06556

Jie, J., & Wang, Y. (2023). Development and Validation of the Counter-Empathy Scale. Psychological Reports, 126(4), 2078–2095. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221076775

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Determined. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Determination. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Figure. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Mother. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Natural. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Nature. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Philosophy Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Tenacious. Apple Inc.

New Oxford American Dictionary Version 230 (294) (2023). Tenacity. Apple Inc.

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, September). Healing.  Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1116696824

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, September). Jealous. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2442811026

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, July). Myth. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1650254830

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, July). Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/9401469303

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, July). Story. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1202715640

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, September). Story. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5988202173

Oxford English Dictionary (2023, September). Will. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2739258689

Thirteen PBS (1968, June 7). A Conversation with Muhammad Ali. The WNET Group. https://www.thirteen.org/programs/thirteen-specials/thirteen-specials-conversation/

van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2019). Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior. Oxford University Press 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0009"

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 I received an 'A' on my discussion, however, my assignment expounding upon the discussion prompted the following feedback and conversation.

"Hi! I am intending to provide clarity for the trouble you experienced with Hathor/Isis.

Wk 2 - Sxxxxxxxx Axxxxxxxxx: Historical Figures and Philosophies in Psychology

“Criterion Feedback

Interesting choices and coverage of five very important figures in Psychology. Their impact and importance was shown to some dergree. 

I felt Addams was a stretch, as she was a Sociologist. Brother was more of an entertainer, but you could make a case for impact on public acceptance of Psychology.

But I really had trouble with Hathor and Isis. First of all they were not Historical figures, but rather mythical. “

Hathor/Isis is referenced with the “/” as using the name interchangeably. The first paragraph under this section is to affirm the historical figure status, hence the definitions of “myth,” “psychology,” etc. This is the only reason the section is lengthy, for evidence of validity.

It is interesting that none of us have personally met any of these people, so how do you know any of them existed? Interesting that the “mythical” are studied the most, as

Ancient Egypt is referenced in our reading for the week, History of Psychology. Clarify for me, was the reading incorrect to include an Ancient Egyptian?

“Criterion Feedback

Overall, good understanding and explanation of the various theories that were developed. 

Might discuss the different aspects of the theories a little more. How did they fundamentally differ, and what was added by each theory?

Too much of the paper devoteed to Hathor and Isis, which were NOT historical psychologists. “

Upon my research and citations provided as reference, Hathor/Isis is indeed. This needed to be examined and explained as the other names were more recent psychologists that are automatically accepted as figures. Hathor/Isis is ancient, and although the tombs of actual Ancient Egyptians’ bodies are constantly studied upon discovery, they prompt argument of validity. What is more evident than a physical body?

“Select 2 to 3 of your reviewed schools of thoughts/philosophies of psychology that have most impacted the field of psychology today and explain why you believe they have had the most impact on the field.”

With specific examples provided, could you clarify how this vague instead of thoughtful?

With your reply to this email, let me know if my intentions were successful or if any new trouble was experienced, and I’d be happy to assist with the removal of obscurities.

 As your explanation showed your reasoning, I have added some points. I don't necessarily agree with you, but you did make intelligent arguments for your points. The biggest problem with the paper is still not completing #5 in the rubric - choose top two and explain why they are most significant.”

Hi! I am unable to view the added points, is there direction for that?

I did not realize your [agreeableness] was the criteria, I was under the impression that through the assigned History of Psychology reading that the historical figure in psychology labeled and reiterated in the attachment above as, “The earliest records of a psychological experiment go all the way back to the Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt in the 7th Century B.C.,” was the example for students’ chosen key figures.

The assignment stated to conduct a review of 5 key figures that I deemed most important in the history of psychology. Perhaps it is my misunderstanding that the assignment called for the student’s opinion and supporting evidence to be graded by research ability/references/citations, and not the facts that the instructor agrees are facts. I will keep this in mind for the current wks 4-6 coming due. Furthermore, if the Creator, the Mother Goddess Hathor/Isis troubled you, the feedback during the discussion post phase would have been helpful to make the adjustments to your liking, instead of the praised, “Yes, the work of Mamie and Kenneth Clark is very important. Based on experiments with dolls, their findings on self-esteem among African American children was very significant. Further, this research was instrumental data influencing the Supreme Court decision to end school segregation.”

Feedback appreciated as this is your class that you are instructing, so submitting assignments that you prefer rather than evidence-backed facts is the criteria for success. Previously stated was having the biggest trouble with Isis/Hathor, whom had the lengthiest section. But your 1/5/24 feedback has clarified that going forward instead providing references for the following statement I should just have stated as, “Isis/Hathor is the most important as the Creator, whom is heavily envied and deemed invalid, and Insoo for successfully creating solutions alongside her husband most impacted the field of psychology because it is my belief that the first person to do is the Creator and therapy while being the example of a healthy marriage is of the utmost inspiration.,” correct?

References for my misunderstandings:

·        “5. Select 2 to 3 of your reviewed schools of thoughts/philosophies of psychology that have most impacted the field of psychology today and explain why you believe they have had the most impact on the field.

·       Through readings and videos, you have been introduced to many historical figures in psychology. These key figures introduced some of the major schools of thought and philosophies of psychology.”

·       “Conduct a review of 5 key figures you deem most important in the history of psychology.”

·       “Assess the schools of thought and/or psychological philosophy that each of your 5 chosen historical figures profess.”

·       “…and explain why you believe they have had the most impact on the field.” 

·       “Interesting choices and coverage of five very important figures in Psychology.” And then a few lines down, “Too much of the paper devoteed to Hathor and Isis, which were NOT historical psychologists. ”

For clarity:

There is no tone here, I am simply and objectively replying to your feedback to gain the understanding of how to receive the grade I desire here. I say this because I’ve notice people in general tend to feel my stating facts as hurtful. Truth does not always feel good to people and though it is something I accept easily, others do not and feel as though straightforwardness or correction is harsh. Point being, Egyptian Gods are ok for our introductory readings but not for assignments, and full-credit was received for smaller-weighted assignments including Hathor/Isis but not for the heavy-weighted assignment. As you can see here, it is confusing here that you agreed with the reading that you assigned, but not the assessment. Also, cited in my chosen 5 historical figures assessment was the “ancient greek” “philosopher” “Aristotle,” and that did not prompt point deduction."

The person providing the feedback then replied that they were tired of debating this issue to which I simply responded, "no debate here :)"

The discussion, a prerequisite to the assessment, asked which figures inspired me, and what about their philosophies attracted me. The student was to choose whom they deemed most important – this is opinion – and, to research evidence to support – this is facts. This makes it so that the paper is to put facts next to opinion to explain the student’s position. I did not realize the rubric would be based on opinion, I thought that the grading is based on the student’s ability to deliver what the assignment asks of them. Did I misunderstand?